Larry Sanger- the co-founder of Wikipedia

Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger (born July 16, 1968) is an American Internet project developer, co- founder of Wikipedia, which was launched in 2001, and the founder of Citizendium. He grew up in Anchorage, Alaska. He graduated from high school in 1986 and went off to Reed College, majoring in philosophy. Sanger has taught philosophy at Ohio State University and was an early strategist for the expert-authored Encyclopedia of Earth. 

Sanger with the co-founder of Wikipedia Jimmy Wales

He has worked on developing educational projects for individuals behind WatchKnowLearn. He has designed a web-based reading program named Reading Bear which aims to teach children how to read, and started a crowdsourcing project named Infobitt. Moreover, Sanger received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from Reed College in 1991, a Master of Arts from Ohio State University in 1995, and a Doctor of Philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000. Likewise, since 2000 he lived in San Diego. Also, he was married in Las Vegas in December 2001. In January 2002 he returned to Columbus, Ohio, where he currently resides with his wife and two children. 

One of the Sanger's quotes

Following this link you can read some of Sanger's quotes.

Sources:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Sanger
- http://www.azquotes.com/quote/773483

Variety of English- Australian English

Australian English (AusE, AuE, AusEng, en-AU) is a major variety of the English language and is used throughout Australia. Although English has no official status in the Constitution, Australian English is the country's de facto official language and is the first language of the majority of the population.

Fun expressions:
- Let's have a barbie on the weekend / Let's have a barbecue on the weekend
- He's a good bloke / He's a nice man
- No worries, mate / No problem, my friend
- Do you wanna hang out later this avo? / Do you want to meet me later this afternoon?
- Take away food / Take-out food 
- Don't come the raw prawn / Don't try to fool me.

Differences between British and Australian English 

Here is a video that you can learn more about the Australian English.

Sources:
- http://www15.uta.fi/FAST/US1/REF/aust-eng.html
- http://ndla.no/en/node/84287
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English

Tasks 1&2 p.26 (Access to International English)

1. The most important thing for getting message across when I talk with non-norwegian is my vocabulary because I can figure out what someone with a bad pronunciation is saying or meaning.

2.

• Vocabulary

The paragraph is about the "Outer Circle" and "Inner Circle" and it tells us about the native speakers and nations that are in these circles.

• Standards

This paragraph tells us about the non-native speakers and what mistakes when they make when they are using English.

• Other "Englishes"

This paragraphs is about the different ways to speak English.

• The future of English

The last paragraph is about the forms that English will be using in the future; one they speak locally as their dialect, a national variety for education and business, and then a standard international English for communicating with foreigners.

Source:
- Access to International English (pages 21-25)

The Refugees and the European Borders

After that, the border between Serbia and Hungary have been closed last Monday, the refugees find out the other route to get to the UE countries and they started to cross through the Croatian border. However, hundreds of refuges are still waiting near the Serbian border with Hungary. The Croatian Prime Minister said that they are ready to receive and help them or direct those people where they want to go. Moreover, many of the UE countries such as Austria and Slovakia with Hungary or Germany with Austria have restored the border controls.

The news channels to compare where I found the information about this issue are:

 Al Jazzera: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/refugees-seeking-routes-border-closures-150916045558970.html

BBC News: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34264942

Information about these channels:

- Al Jazeera (Arabic television channel based in Qatar with the worldwide broadcast. Since 2006, Al Jazeera broadcasts in English).

- BBC News (the public-service broadcaster of the United Kingdom, headquartered at Broadcasting House in London. It is the biggest and the oldest national broadcasting organization).

By the questions on the page about bias media, I will compare this news.

Is there a lack of diversity?

The BBC has over 200 correspondents based both in the United Kingdom and abroad. However, there is a lack of diversity. The BBC News presenters and correspondents are mostly British and white. That may have an impact on the bias. The Al Jazeera Media Network has more than 4,000 highly experienced staff from over 70 nationalities, making their newsrooms the most diverse in the world.

From whose point of view is the news reported?

In the both channels, the point of view is the same. Both channels have sent theirs correspondents to the place where it happens and made accurate reportage. However, Al Jazeera has only made a reportage while BBC has made reportage and took some pictures of the situation. Both channels have also collected a lot of information and have quoted some things. 

Are there double standards?

No, I have not found any double standards.

Do stereotypes skew coverage?

At both news channels there are no any stereotypes. The all information is based on the real stories and experiences. However, at the BBC New there may have some of the stereotypes in the relation to the countries, which have to struggle with the refugees. Therefore, they can try to portray these countries in a bad light.

What are the unchallenged assumptions?

The stories based on facts on both news so there is no unchallenged assumptions.

Is the language loaded?

They language can be loaded by showing cruel pictures or videos in these news and by writing horrible information about it and using stereotypes , which can cause the various feeling about story. 

Is there a lack of context?

No, there is no lack of context.

Do the headlines and stories match?

No. Both channels have used a lot of information. The headlines in both news match the story.

Are stories on important issues featured prominently?

Yes. The stories are on the front pages and on the editorial pages all the time.

In the quick summary it is a big problem of Europe. Many people are distrusful of decisions of the European politicians. Also, many times in the television I have heard that among the refugees may be terrorists and immigrants from Africa that are not escaping the war. The one visible thing between these two channels that I figured out is that BBC News called them as "migrants" but Al Jazeera called them as "refugees". Correctly, Al Jazeera called them in good way because migrants are people which want to change their living location while refugees are people which have to leave the area where they lived because of the threat to life, health, or freedom.

Sources:

-http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34264942

-http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/refugees-seeking-routes-border-closures-150916045558970.html

-http://fair.org/take-action-now/media-activism-kit/how-to-detect-bias-in-news-media/

-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News

-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English

-http://www.aljazeera.com/aboutus/

Report about journalism

Date: September 11, 2015

To: Students

From: Jakub Lazarowicz

Subject: Journalism- how the journalists work

Bias Media

Nowadays, media over-raly on “official” sources. The media bias is a systematic favoring of mass media on the one point where these activities are media corporations, governments or political parties, thus they are reinforcing a system of interests and weakening the alternative arrangement. Bias is important in so far as influences the attitudes and behavior of people. The most common forms of bias used to include media manipulation are, for example: election adverting, corporatism, mainstream, media sensations and censorship. Moreover, usually headlines are not written by reporters, since many people just skim headlines, misleading headlines have a significant impact. Here you will find ho to detect bias in news media.

Today’s journalism- the fact and fiction

Today, the journalists are reacting to news from the audience and by this, they are actually relying on people in the streets and monitoring what they are talking about and experiencing. Now, people are helping the journalists figure out what is the angle today. One of the most important source of their work are social medias, such as YouTube, Snapchat, Spokeo, Instagram and the most popular Twitter. However, journalists, not always write the truth about something. Even, if the information is based on the truth from the people, they will change it to be more interesting to the readers or they will include less information if the situation should not be spread into the world at all or if they do not want people to know the whole truth. The journalists also have to struggle with the fiction such as fake and old photos and videos posted by people so they have to find out what is the fact and what is not. Here you can watch a video about "what do journalists do when they find news online?".

Task p.34 (Access to International English)

1.
a)
I had a bath when the telephone rang.

b)
The novel is describing the dangerous journey of three children across post-war Europe.

c)
In the wild, lions are usualy hunting in packs.

d)
The poem has three stanzas and each stanza is consisting of four lines.

e)
Last night when you called I watched television.

f)
When I asked him what he was doing, he said he was a writer.

g)
 I am usually going to Spain on my holidays.

3/35
a) * The children have gone to school. (Some of)
Some of the children have gone to school.

Explantation

b) The sewage * goes right into the river. (from these restaurants)
The sewage from these restaurants go right into the river.

c) The * team agrees on this matter. (boys in the)
The boys in the team agree on this matter.

d) * The records have been borrowed. (One of)
One of the records has been borrowed.

e) The * committee is meeting at this moment. (members of the)
The members of the committee are meeting at this moment.

f) Any number * is able to play. (of children)
Any number of children is able to play.

g) The * cookies are missing. (tin of)
The tin of cookies is missing.

1.09 Questions

1. What is the history of the English language after WWII

After WWII, United States emerged as an economic and military superpower and American English gained worldwide influence, gradually overtaking the British English, which was dominating before WIII.

2. What is meant by ESL, EFL, ESP?

ESL is English people learn in addition to their mother tongue so they can take part in the life of country in which they live. An example might be Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans in the US.

EFL is English learned by individuals that have no daily contact with the language. Many adult Chinese are, for example, today learning English as a foreign language.

ESP is English for special purposes and it is usually designed to give people some specific English skills in, for example, trades, business or other professions.

3. Do you think that international English enriches the cultures of the world, or does it drain them of their uniqueness?

English has a huge influence for the all cultures in the world. By English, we are able to communicate with foreigners, so that can enrich our culture a lot. Also, we are allowed to discover some history of the world and other cultures where the language is incomprehensible for the other, with the help of English. In the other hand, English substitutes many native words at some languages and that makes that the language disappears. In addition, the new technologies make that the language gets new English words, which can be unknown for elders.

4. Explain the terms inner - outer - expanding circle.

In the “Inner Circle” we will find countries where English is the first or the dominant language. These countries are Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United States.

In the “Outer Circle” we will find nations where English is spoken as a second language. In this circle are included countries such as India, South Africa, Singapore, Philippines or Bangladesh.

In the “Expanding Circle” encompasses countries where English plays no historical or governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used as a medium of international communication. We will find it in nations such as Russia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea or Zimbabwe.

5. Why is it necessary to have standard forms of English?

It is necessary to have them because if the world will use English in the way that not native speakers use it (for example; “She look very good” instead “She looks very good”), so the other people that are  studying English will do it bad and the structure of language may be destroyed.  

6. Which forms of English does David Crystal believe we will have in the future?

He believes that in the future people will have three forms of English; one they speak locally as their dialect, a notional variety for education and business, and then a standard international English for communicating with foreigners.

7. English has become important in six different fields - which?

English is important in fields such as:

- International education

- International businesses and trade

- International diplomacy

- Art and entertainment

- Science and technology

- Digital communications